A cikin wannan ƙamus na kwamfuta tare da kalmomin da suka fara da haruffa P, Q da R, za mu bincika daki-daki cikin mahimman ra'ayoyi don fahimtar duniyar kwamfuta da sadarwa. A wasu lokuta, an san kalmomin sosai, amma a wasu kalmomin kalmomi ne ko gajarta waɗanda ƙila ba su saba da jama'a ba, amma waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don fahimtar tushen ayyukan fasaha, musamman a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa da tsarin kwamfuta.
Jerin sharuddan kwamfuta: P, Q da R
- Twisted biyu: Yana da wani irin Kebul na hanyar sadarwa mai kunshe da masu sanya ido guda biyu masu murdawa tare. Ana amfani da shi musamman a cikin sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta don rage tsangwama na lantarki. Akwai iri biyu: da garkuwar murɗaɗɗen biyu (STP) da kuma karkatacciyar hanya mara garkuwa (UTP).
Karin bayani: Twisted biyu shine fasahar da aka fi amfani da ita a cibiyoyin sadarwar Ethernet. Juyawa na igiyoyi biyu yana rage tsangwama tsakanin nau'i-nau'i na kusa da kuma daga maɓuɓɓuka na waje, samun ingantacciyar sigina-zuwa amo. Wannan nau'in na USB ba shi da tsada kuma mai sauƙin sakawa, yana sa ya shahara a gidaje da ofisoshi. Ƙarfinsa ya bambanta dangane da nau'in kebul (nau'i) da kuma ko yana da kariya ko a'a.
Yanar Gizo
- Yanar gizo: Wanda aka fi sani da suna 'web', yana nufin wani daftari ko albarkatun bayanai da ake iya samu ta hanyar burauzar yanar gizo. An tsara waɗannan shafuka a ciki HTML kuma yawanci bangare ne na gidan yanar gizo.
Karin bayani: Kowane ɗayan shafukan yanar gizo waɗanda suka yi kama da Wurin yanar gizo na duniya (WWW) ya ƙunshi mahaɗan ciki ko na waje waɗanda ke ba da damar kewayawa tsakanin su. Ana adana shafukan yanar gizo a kan sabobin kuma mutane za su iya shiga ta hanyar bincike. An haɗa su zuwa gidajen yanar gizo, inda ake kiran babban shafi home page.
Kunshin (fakiti)
- Kunshin (fakiti): Ita ce rukunin bayanan da ake watsawa a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta. Kalmar tana nufin duka bayanai da masu kai da sauran bayanan sarrafawa waɗanda ke ba da damar isar da bayanan daidai.
Karin bayani: Kafin watsawa, ana rarraba bayanan zuwa ƙananan fakiti waɗanda ke ɗauke da sashe na saƙon da wasu bayanai kamar asali, wuri da tsari na fakitin. Ana sake tattara waɗannan a inda aka nufa don sake gina cikakkiyar saƙon asali. Wannan hanyar tana ba ku damar sarrafa ma'amalar manyan kuɗaɗen bayanai akan Intanet cikin inganci.
Kalmar siri
- Kalmar wucewa: Kuma aka sani da kalmar sirri, jigon haruffa ne da ake amfani da su don tabbatar da ainihin mai amfani ko samun damar hanyar kariya.
Karin bayani: Kalmomin sirri sukan haɗa haruffa, lambobi, da haruffa na musamman don ƙara tsaro. Mafi kyawun al'ada ita ce amfani da keɓaɓɓun kalmomin shiga, hadaddun kalmomin shiga ga kowane asusu kuma canza su lokaci-lokaci.
PCMCIA
- PCMCIA: Gagarawa na Ƙungiyar Ƙwaƙwalwar Katin Ƙwaƙwalwar Kwamfuta ta Ƙasashen Duniya. Yana nufin nau'in katin faɗaɗa wanda aka fara amfani da shi a cikin kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka don ƙara ƙarin fasali kamar faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, haɗin yanar gizo, ko ƙarin ajiya.
Karin bayani: Kodayake katunan PCMCIA an maye gurbinsu da wasu na'urori irin su sandunan USB da ramummuka na ExpressCard, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen faɗaɗa ƙarfin kwamfyutocin farko, suna ba da izinin ƙari na abubuwan haɗin gwiwa kamar modem, katunan WiFi, da sauransu.
PDF (Tsarin Takardun Takaddun Shafuka)
- PDF: Adobe Systems ne ya ƙirƙira wannan tsarin fayil don ɗauka da sake buga takardu da zane-zane a cikin ainihin bayyanar su, ba tare da la'akari da na'ura ko dandamalin da ake kallon su ba.
Karin bayani: Fayilolin PDF sun zama ma'auni na masana'antu don raba takardu, saboda suna ba ku damar adana tsari da kare abubuwan da ke ciki, iyakance izinin gyarawa, a tsakanin sauran ayyuka. Ana amfani da su sosai a ofisoshi, ilimi da gudanarwar jama'a.
Performance
Performance: A fagen fasaha, yana nufin yi ko ikon na'ura ko na'ura don aiwatar da wani aiki, wanda aka auna ta hanyar saurin gudu, inganci, da amfani da albarkatu.
Karin bayani: Ana auna aikin na'urar kwamfuta ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar saurin sarrafawa, lokacin amsawa da inganci a cikin amfani da albarkatun tsarin (ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, makamashi, da sauransu). Inganta aikin shine mabuɗin don haɓaka ƙwarewar mai amfani da yin amfani da mafi yawan albarkatun da ake samu.
Abubuwan Makaranta
- Na gefe: Na'urorin waje waɗanda ke haɗawa da kwamfuta. Misalai: keyboard, linzamin kwamfuta, firinta, na'urar daukar hotan takardu, da sauransu.
Karin bayani: An rarraba abubuwan da ke kewaye zuwa kashi biyu: na'urorin shigar da bayanai (keyboard, linzamin kwamfuta) waɗanda ke ba da damar shigar da bayanai a cikin kwamfutar, da na'urorin fitarwa (screens, printers) waɗanda ke nunawa ko buga bayanan da aka samu ta hanyar sarrafawa.
PHP
- PHP: Harshen shirye-shirye da aka yi amfani da shi sosai don haɓaka gidan yanar gizo wanda ke ba da damar ƙirƙirar abun ciki mai ƙarfi akan shafukan yanar gizo.
Karin bayani: PHP wani harshe ne na buɗaɗɗen tushe da ake amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar gidajen yanar gizo masu mu'amala da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo. Yana haɗawa da kyau tare da bayanan bayanai kamar MySQL, yana sa ya shahara don haɓaka aikace-aikace kamar shagunan kan layi, tsarin sarrafa abun ciki, da sauransu.
Yin magana
- Yin magana: Mutumin da ke sarrafa tsarin tarho don samun damar shiga mara izini. Ana ɗaukar ayyukansu bisa doka, tun da ya saba wa tsarin sadarwa.
Karin bayani: Duk da cewa galibin ayyukan ta’addanci sun faru ne a shekarun 70 zuwa 80, kafin bullar Intanet, ya kafa tarihi a abin da muka sani yanzu da satar waya. Wasu daga cikin mashahuran masu fafutuka, irin su John Draper (wanda aka sani da Cap'n Crunch), sun ɗaga wannan ra'ayi zuwa shahararrun al'adu.
pixel
- Fayil: Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta naúrar bayanan hoto akan nunin dijital. Shi ne ainihin abin da ke cikin dukkan hotuna da muke gani akan allon kwamfuta ko wayar hannu.
Karin bayani: Fuskoki sun ƙunshi miliyoyin pixels da aka shirya a cikin grid. Kowane pixel yana da wani launi, kuma haɗin dubban ko miliyoyin su yana samar da hotunan da muke gani. Ana auna ingancin hoto ko allo a cikin ƙudurinsa, wato, adadin pixels a yanki ɗaya.
Katin zane
- Zane mai saurin hoto: Ƙarin kewayawa wanda ke inganta ƙarfin zane na kwamfuta, yana ba da damar yin hotuna da wasanni a mafi girman saurin sarrafawa.
Karin bayani: Allolin haɓakar hotuna, waɗanda aka sani da katunan zane ko GPUs, suna da mahimmanci don ayyuka kamar ƙira mai hoto, gyaran bidiyo, da wasannin bidiyo. Waɗannan allunan suna ɗaukar nauyi mai nauyi na sarrafa hoto daga babban mai sarrafa kwamfuta (CPU), yana haɓaka aikin gabaɗaya.
Ethernet allon
- Ethernet hukumar: Na'urar Hardware da ake amfani da ita don haɗa kwamfutoci zuwa hanyar sadarwa ta amfani da igiyoyin Ethernet, suna ba da damar watsa bayanai mai sauri tsakanin na'urori.
Karin bayani: Katunan Ethernet suna da mahimmanci don cibiyoyin sadarwar gida (LAN). Akwai ma'auni daban-daban da gudu don waɗannan katunan, daga 100 Mbps zuwa 1 Gbps ko fiye. Ko da yake yawancin kwamfutoci na zamani suna zuwa tare da haɗin Ethernet da aka gina a cikin motherboard, katunan ƙarawa suna ba ku damar haɓaka aiki ko ƙara ƙarin haɗin gwiwa.
Toshe & Wasa
Toshe & Kunna: Fasahar da ke ba masu amfani damar haɗa na'ura zuwa kwamfutar ba tare da buƙatar shigar da ƙarin software ko daidaitawa ta hannu ba.
Karin bayani: Wannan fasaha ta sauƙaƙe amfani da na'urori irin su na'urori masu bugawa, mice ko pendrives, sauƙaƙe hulɗar mai amfani da kayan aikin na'ura. Tsarin aiki yana gano na'urori ta atomatik, yana sanya direbobin da suka dace.
Plug-in
Toshe-in: Ƙarin shirye-shiryen da aka haɗa cikin wasu software don faɗaɗa ayyukansa, kamar 'yan wasan multimedia ko masu karatu na musamman a cikin masu bincike.
Karin bayani: Plug-ins suna ba ku damar haɗa sabbin ayyuka ba tare da canza babbar software ba. Misalai na toshe-ins sune Adobe Flash, wanda ya ba da damar kunna abun cikin multimedia a cikin masu bincike, ko ƙari don ƙira kamar Photoshop.
PostScript
- Rubutawa: Harshen shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar hotunan vector da ƙirar bugawa. Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin firintocin laser da wallafe-wallafen tebur don buga takardu masu inganci.
Karin bayani: Adobe Systems ne ya haɓaka PostScript kuma yana da amfani musamman a fagen ƙirar hoto da prepressing. Yana ba da damar ƙwararru don sarrafa ƙira da ingancin hotuna a cikin bugu na ƙarshe.
Mai sarrafawa
- Mai sarrafawa: Hakanan ana kiransa CPU, ita ce kwakwalwar kwamfuta. Anan duk umarni da lissafin da ake buƙata don aiwatar da ayyuka a cikin tsarin aiki da aikace-aikacen ana sarrafa su.
Karin bayani: Na'urori masu sarrafawa sun ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i masu yawa da caches waɗanda ke ba su damar yin ayyuka da yawa a lokaci guda. Daga cikin sanannun masana'antun akwai Intel da AMD, waɗanda ke samar da na'urori masu sarrafawa don amfani da gida da ƙwararru. Juyin halittar guda-core zuwa multi-core processor ya inganta saurin kwamfutoci da na'urorin hannu.
Protocol
- Protocol: Saitin dokoki waɗanda ke ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin tsarin biyu akan hanyar sadarwa. Wadannan sun bayyana yadda ya kamata a watsa bayanan da kuma yadda ya kamata a fassara su idan sun isa inda aka nufa.
Karin bayani: Ka'idoji suna da mahimmanci don kafa sadarwa mai nasara tsakanin na'urori daban-daban akan hanyar sadarwa. Wasu misalai sune TCP/IP (babban ka'idar Intanet), UDP da HTTP. Waɗannan ka'idoji sun bayyana komai daga yadda haɗin jiki tsakanin na'urori yakamata ya kasance kamar yadda bayanai zasu bi ta hanyar sadarwar ba tare da lalata ba.
Sanin waɗannan sharuɗɗan zai ba ku damar fahimtar da kuma kula da mahimman ra'ayoyin kwamfuta, hanyoyin sadarwa da sadarwa, yana ba ku zurfin fahimta game da ayyukan na'urori da tsarin haɗin gwiwar da muke amfani da su kowace rana.